When talking about graphene, we have to first discuss the natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are closely attached, yet the combination of carbon atoms in between various layers hangs, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle press, the cards will slide apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a routine hexagonal ring on the exact same aircraft, stretching to create a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is one of the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is challenging to remove a single layer framework.
More than 20 years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the College of Manchester in the UK, thought that there need to be a method to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
Just how can a single layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took an extremely “straightforward and crude” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we create a typo on paper, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, researchers frankly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it additionally stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into 2. Although the density of graphite right now is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have actually confirmed the expediency of this approach – each time the tape is used, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical peeling approach” to repeat the procedure, they lastly acquired a thin sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this technique of repeatedly exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has reduced production effectiveness and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the improvement of scientific and technical levels, the preparation technique of graphene has likewise made wonderful progression. Presently, along with this conventional physical and mechanical exfoliation approach, there are likewise lots of approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent exfoliation technique, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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